Uma história das leishmanioses no novo mundo: anos 1960 ao século XXI: Amazônia / A history of leishmaniasis in the new world: 1960s to the 21st century: Amazon

Analisam os fatores biológicos, sociais e ambientais responsáveis pela ocorrência da doença na Amazônia mostrando os cientistas e sanitaristas que tiveram papel fundamental nas pesquisas sobre essa e outras endemias

Health, science and development: the emergence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis as a medical and public health challenge in Amazonas state, Brazil. / Saúde, ciência e desenvolvimento: a emergência da leishmaniose tegumentar americana como desafio médico-sanitário no Amazonas.

The history of the emergence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Brazilian state of Amazonas since the 1970s is analyzed as an object of knowledge and a medical and public health challenge. An overview of the period is provided, including the public health measures and scientific studies undertaken in the context of the execution of large-scale regional developments pursued in the name of national integration by the federal government. The methodology uses documental analysis of laws, the scientific literature, research reports, epidemiological bulletins, and newspapers. The results show that American cutaneous leishmaniasis emerged as a major health problem in Amazonas in close association with the political, economic, and socioenvironmental changes seen in the period.

O artigo faz análise histórica da emergência da leishmaniose tegumentar americana como objeto do conhecimento e desafio médico-sanitário no Amazonas desde a década de 1970. Fornece visão geral dessa época, as medidas sanitárias e os estudos científicos realizados no contexto de implantação dos principais projetos de desenvolvimento regionais executados em nome da política de integração nacional do governo federal. Utiliza como metodologia a análise documental de leis, produção científica, relatórios de pesquisa, boletins epidemiológicos e jornais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a doença surgiu no Amazonas associando o grande problema de saúde com mudanças político-econômicas e alterações socioambientais.

Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s.

The first autochthonous cases of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas were described in 1909, but visceral leishmaniasis only erupted as a public health problem in the region in 1934. Today Brazil is the country with the most cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, and alongside India has the highest incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. Knowledge production and efforts to control these diseases have mobilized health professionals, government agencies and institutions, international agencies, and rural and urban populations. My research addresses the exchange and cooperation networks they established, and uncertainties and controversial aspects when notable changes were made in the approach to the New World leishmaniases.

Saúde, ciência e desenvolvimento: a emergência da leishmaniose tegumentar americana como desafio médico-sanitário no Amazonas / Health, science and development: the emergence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis as a medical and public health challenge in Amazonas state, Brazil

Resumo O artigo faz análise histórica da emergência da leishmaniose tegumentar americana como objeto do conhecimento e desafio médico-sanitário no Amazonas desde a década de 1970. Fornece visão geral dessa época, as medidas sanitárias e os estudos científicos realizados no contexto de implantação dos principais projetos de desenvolvimento regionais executados em nome da política de integração nacional do governo federal. Utiliza como metodologia a análise documental de leis, produção científica, relatórios de pesquisa, boletins epidemiológicos e jornais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a doença surgiu no Amazonas associando o grande problema de saúde com mudanças político-econômicas e alterações socioambientais.

Abstract The history of the emergence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Brazilian state of Amazonas since the 1970s is analyzed as an object of knowledge and a medical and public health challenge. An overview of the period is provided, including the public health measures and scientific studies undertaken in the context of the execution of large-scale regional developments pursued in the name of national integration by the federal government. The methodology uses documental analysis of laws, the scientific literature, research reports, epidemiological bulletins, and newspapers. The results show that American cutaneous leishmaniasis emerged as a major health problem in Amazonas in close association with the political, economic, and socioenvironmental changes seen in the period.

Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s / Leishmanioses do Novo Mundo numa perspectiva histórica e global, dos anos 1930 aos 1960

Abstract The first autochthonous cases of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas were described in 1909, but visceral leishmaniasis only erupted as a public health problem in the region in 1934. Today Brazil is the country with the most cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, and alongside India has the highest incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. Knowledge production and efforts to control these diseases have mobilized health professionals, government agencies and institutions, international agencies, and rural and urban populations. My research addresses the exchange and cooperation networks they established, and uncertainties and controversial aspects when notable changes were made in the approach to the New World leishmaniases.

Resumo Os primeiros casos de leishmaniose cutânea e mucocutânea autóctones das Américas foram descritos em 1909, e em 1934 a leishmaniose visceral irrompeu como problema de saúde pública na região. O Brasil tem hoje o maior número de casos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana e, junto com a Índia, a mais elevada incidência de leishmaniose visceral. A produção de conhecimentos e os esforços para controlar essas doenças mobilizaram, em nível global, profissionais de saúde, populações urbanas e rurais, instituições governamentais e agências internacionais. Recuperam-se aqui alguns desses agrupamentos, redes de troca e cooperação, incertezas e polêmicas, identificando-se mudanças na abordagem das leishmanioses do Novo Mundo.

Uma história das leishmanioses no Novo Mundo: fins do século XIX aos anos 1960

Apanhado dos estudos sobre as leishmanioses no Brasil englobando a descoberta dos seus agentes etiológicos, diversas espécies associadas às diferentes formas clínicas da doença, seus hospedeiros reservatórios e os flebotomíneos vetores, bem como aspectos da epidemiologia e ações de controle implementadas em contextos sociopolíticos e momentos diversos

Trópicos, ciência e leishmanioses: uma análise sobre circulação de saberes e assimetrias / The tropics, science, and leishmaniasis: an analysis of the circulation of knowledge and asymmetries

Resumo: O artigo investiga o processo de circulação de saberes ocorrido, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, entre os pesquisadores sul-americanos Edmundo Escomel (Peru) e Alfredo Da Matta (Brasil) e os europeus Alphonse Laveran (França) e Patrick Manson (Inglaterra) no que diz respeito à definição e validação da espundia como uma enfermidade particularizada da América do Sul, ao mesmo tempo que se postulava a necessidade do seu enquadramento no recém-criado grupo de moléstias denominado "leishmanioses". Compartilhando a recente preocupação em pensar a pesquisa histórica para além dos limites impostos pelo Estado nacional como categoria organizadora da narrativa, dialoga com alguns apologistas da história global/transnacional situando o caso específico nessa perspectiva analítica.

Abstract: The article investigates the process of circulation of knowledge which occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century between the South American researchers Edmundo Escomel (Peru) and Alfredo Da Matta (Brazil) and the Europeans Alphonse Laveran (France) and Patrick Manson (England) with regard to the definition and validation of espundia as a disease specific to South America, while simultaneously the need to insert this illness into the newly created group of diseases called the "leishmaniasis" was proposed. Sharing recent concerns in considering historical research beyond the limits imposed by the Nation-state as a category that organizes narratives, it dialogs with some apologists of global and transnational history, situating this specific case within this analytical perspective.

[(TREATMENT FOR CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS: HISTORICAL ASPECTS)].

The paper presents an overview of treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis from ancient times to the >iesent day. Tradi- tional healers had an arsenal of remedies and various treatment regimens for cutaneous leishmaniasis, which showed varying effectiveness and different outcome and have found scientific rationale and used in practical medicine in modem times. The problem with of a lack of etiotropic drugs to treat patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the national healthcare is indicated.

The tropics, science, and leishmaniasis: an analysis of the circulation of knowledge and asymmetries. / Trópicos, ciência e leishmanioses: uma análise sobre circulação de saberes e assimetrias.

The article investigates the process of circulation of knowledge which occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century between the South American researchers Edmundo Escomel (Peru) and Alfredo Da Matta (Brazil) and the Europeans Alphonse Laveran (France) and Patrick Manson (England) with regard to the definition and validation of espundia as a disease specific to South America, while simultaneously the need to insert this illness into the newly created group of diseases called the "leishmaniasis" was proposed. Sharing recent concerns in considering historical research beyond the limits imposed by the Nation-state as a category that organizes narratives, it dialogs with some apologists of global and transnational history, situating this specific case within this analytical perspective.

O artigo investiga o processo de circulação de saberes ocorrido, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, entre os pesquisadores sul-americanos Edmundo Escomel (Peru) e Alfredo Da Matta (Brasil) e os europeus Alphonse Laveran (França) e Patrick Manson (Inglaterra) no que diz respeito à definição e validação da espundia como uma enfermidade particularizada da América do Sul, ao mesmo tempo que se postulava a necessidade do seu enquadramento no recém-criado grupo de moléstias denominado "leishmanioses". Compartilhando a recente preocupação em pensar a pesquisa histórica para além dos limites impostos pelo Estado nacional como categoria organizadora da narrativa, dialoga com alguns apologistas da história global/transnacional situando o caso específico nessa perspectiva analítica.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: clinical features, current status and the effects of war.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a worldwide disease caused by an infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania transmitted via sand flies. It is endemic in many of the poorest countries of all continents. "Aleppo boil" is one of the recognised names given to this disease in the medical literature. Although CL used to be well-controlled and well-documented in Syria, its incidence has dramatically increased since the beginning of the war; however, there is lack of documentation. Here, we present the past and current epidemiological situation of the disease in Syria. We also draw attention to gross and highly unusual clinical variants of CL presented to the Department of Dermatology in Aleppo covering the important differential clinical diagnoses, since this disease is already known to mimic other conditions. Diagnostic procedures and treatment as well as prevention are summarised. Due to the increased ability to travel, and especially the flight of Syrians to neighbouring countries, as well as to Europe, CL may become a new threat in formerly unaffected regions. Through this account, we hope to give weight to the aspiration that CL does not remain a neglected and often clinically overlooked tropical dermatosis.

American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Panama: a historical review of entomological studies on anthropophilic Lutzomyia sand fly species.

We review existing information on the epidemiology of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Panama, with emphasis on the bionomics of anthropophilic Lutzomyia sand fly species. Evidence from Panamanian studies suggests that there are six anthropophilic species in the country: Lutzomyia trapidoi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi, Lu. ylephiletor, Lu. sanguinaria and Lu. pessoana (Henceforth Lu. carrerai thula). In general, these taxa are abundant, widespread and feed opportunistically on their hosts, which make them potential transmitters of pathogens to a broad range of wildlife, domesticated animals and humans. Furthermore, nearly all man-biting species in Panama (with the exception of Lu. gomezi) expand demographically during the rainy season when transmission is likely higher due to elevated Leishmania infection rates in vector populations. Despite this, data on the distribution and prevalence of ACL suggest little influence of vector density on transmission intensity. Apart from Lu. trapidoi, anthropophilic species seem to be most active in the understory, but vertical stratification, as well as their opportunistic feeding behavior, could vary geographically. This in turn seems related to variation in host species composition and relative abundance across sites that have experienced different degrees of human alteration (e.g., deforestation) in leishmaniasis endemic regions of Panama.

Colaboração para o conhecimento do histórico da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana no Brasil: possíveis casos entre escravos na Vila de Vassouras - RJ, nos anos 1820 a 1880 / Contribution to the knowledge of the history of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil, possible cases in slaves at Vila de Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 1820 and 1880

No Brasil, a leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) só foi confirmada em 1909 por Lindemberg, que encontrou seus parasitos em lesões cutâneas de indivíduos que trabalhavam nas matas do interior do estado de São Paulo e os assemelhou à Leishmania tropica, variação encontrada no Velho Mundo. Gaspar Vianna, por considerar o parasito diferente da L. tropica, batizou-o de L. braziliensis, ficando assim denominado o agente etiológico da LTA. Apesar de sua importância no cenário mundial, avolumam-se ainda dúvidas acerca de sua origem e dispersão. O presente trabalho objetiva demonstrar a possibilidade de existência da LTA na cidade de Vassouras-RJ no início do século XIX, período anterior ao considerado como o marco da chegada da doença ao sudeste brasileiro. O presente trabalho baseou-se na análise de inventários post-mortem alocados no Centro de Documentação Histórica desta cidade.

In Brazil, American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was only confirmed in 1909 by Lindemberg, who found parasites in cutaneous lesions of people working in the countryside of São Paulo state that resembled Leishmania tropica, a variety that affects the Old World. Gaspar Vianna, considered it as a different parasite to L. tropica and christened it Leishmania braziliensis, thus determining the etiological agent of ACL. Despite its importance on the world, there are still questions about its origin and spread. This paper aims to demonstrate the possibility of the existence of ACL in the town of Vassouras RJ- in the early XIX century, a period prior to that considered as the arrival of the disease in southeastern Brazil. The work was performed by analysis of postmortem inventories held at the Historical Documentation Center in this city.

[Investigations on leishmaniases at the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine].

The paper assesses the investigations on leishmaniases at the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in 1920 to 2009. The analysis includes papers on biology, ecology, taxonomy, and experimental transmission of the agents of leishmaniases via the bites of sand flies, the principle in the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) during the agricultural development of extensive territories in the Karshin steppe, on quantitative approaches in the epidemiology of ZCL, a search for Russian effective medicaments to treat patients with this disease and the development of criteria for selecting L. major strains for individual and mass vaccinations against ZCL, the revision of Leishmania circulating in great gerbil populations, and the description of the new species L. turanica, an important parasite for L. major persistence from one transmission season to the next. The first investigations on leishmaniasis were made by Prof. E.I. Martsinovsky, the founder and the first director of the Institute in the early 20th century.

George Higoumenakis (1895-1983): Greek dermatologist.

This paper describes the Higoumenakis sign, enlargement of the sternal end of the clavicle in patients with late congenital syphilis and the dermatologist after whom it is named. Several professors and doctors from the Medical School of the University of Athens opposed his actions especially at the University in Greece. His persistence led him to productive scientific activity in syphilis, leishmaniasis and psoriasis. He became a member of the Greek Parliament from 1964 to 1967 and eventually Minister of Hygiene - even though this may have been an imprudent political choice, due to the unstable socio-political status of that period. He died on 27 December 1983 at the age of 88.

[Juliano Moreira and the Gazeta Medica da Bahia]. / Juliano Moreira e a Gazeta Medica da Bahia.

Recent studies of Juliano Moreira have emphasized his work in Rio de Janeiro (1903-1933), but the main objective of this article is to describe his contribution to the Gazeta Medica da Bahia in the period before that (1893-1903). It describes the evolution of this magazine, which served as a vehicle for original research of the Bahian Tropicalist School. It presents Moreira's output in the Gazeta, in which he emerges as a student of dermatology, syphilology and parasitology, having identified cutaneous leishmaniasis for the first time in Brazil. At that time, he also consolidates his reputation as a professor in neuropsychiatry, conducting clinical studies in the field, analyzing treatment models and proposing changes in medical treatment. It highlights the importance of Moreira not only as a collaborator on the Gazeta during a decade, but also as an editor, as well as his role as chief editor (1901-1902).